A physicist by education, Nemtsov – who worked in a research institute during the last years of the Soviet Union – had been among the generation of academics and scientists swept up by the political upheaval of the perestroika reform movement.
He began his political life as a young reformer working in the industrial centre of Nizhny Novgorod, where he became regional governor at the age of just 32. After serving in the post for six years, he moved up the career ladder during Yeltsin's presidency, coming to Moscow to serve as first deputy prime minister in 1997-98.
While Nemtsov initially backed Putin's presidential run, calling him "responsible and honest", he quickly changed his mind and became one of his most bitter enemies.
He was one of the founders of Russia's Union of Right Forces liberal party, and its leader in the early 2000s, serving as an opposition MPs in parliament, where he was a vocal opponent of Putin's early attempts to curb political freedoms.
Along with other opposition leaders, Nemtsov unsuccessfully sued Putin after he said Nemtsov and others "wreaked havoc" in Russia during the 1990s, pillaging it of billions of dollars.
His activities earned him the hatred of pro-Kremlin groups, who routinely put him on their lists of "traitors". He had been a victim of hacking and wiretapping, and pro-Kremlin websites had written reports about his personal life and alleged affairs.
Perma-tanned and rarely without a smile on his face in public, Nemtsov had the image of a rock star and was known for his colourful love life.
In recent years he compiled a series of pamphlets exposing corruption under Putin, focusing on the gas behemoth Gazprom, the residences allegedly owned by Putin, and the corruption around the reparations for Russia's Olympic Games in Sochi last year.
Nemtsov was shot four times in the back as he crossed a bridge in view of the Kremlin, police say. Like most in the opposition, Nemtsov was a prolific user of social networks, and he died just hours after using his most recent blog entry to call on Muscovites to attend an opposition rally, on Sunday, against the war in Ukraine.
Ironically, although he continued to be a key figure in opposition events in the Russian capital, Nemtsov had gradually withdrawn over the past decade as a younger generation of opposition leaders stepped forward to take the helm.
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